Suffragium - Scientific Journal of the Regional Electoral Court of Ceará (TRE-CE)
Suffragium – Scientific Journal of the Regional Electoral Court of Ceará (TRE-CE) Suffragium is a semiannual open-access journal, free of charge, dedicated to research in Electoral Law and Political Science. Rated Qualis B1 by CAPES (2021–2024 quadrennial evaluation) — the highest ranking among scientific journals specializing in Electoral Law in Brazil — the journal publishes original works subject to double-blind peer review, with an exogeny requirement for authors. Its purpose is to foster qualified dialogue between legal scholars and political scientists, contributing to the critical analysis of core issues in Brazilian democracy and the electoral system. Suffragium operates on a continuous submission basis and is available exclusively in electronic format, accessible directly at suffragium.tre-ce.jus.br. General submission guidelines for manuscripts eligible for publication in Suffragium are set out in TRE-CE Administrative Order No. 729/2018. History Founded on June 27, 2005, by TRE-CE Resolution No. 263, the journal succeeded the former TRE-CE Newsletter. In 2017, its scope was expanded to include Political Science (TRE-CE Resolution No. 660), and in 2023 its editorial structure was further developed by TRE-CE Resolution No. 993, which detailed the responsibilities of editors, the editorial board, the panel of reviewers, and the managing committee. Editorial Management The journal is managed by the Center for Advanced Electoral Research and Studies (NEP), affiliated with the Electoral Judicial School of Ceará (EJEC), in partnership with the Editorial Board and the Panel of Reviewers.
Será permitida a reprodução de artigos em qualquer meio, desde que citada a fonte. Todos os direitos são reservados ao Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará. O corpo editorial da revista Suffragium não se responsabiliza pelos dados e opiniões expressos nos artigos, sendo estes de inteira responsabilidade dos autores. A revista utiliza a licença Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0, com as condições “atribuição não comercial” e “não adaptada”.
O TRABALHO DA DEFENSORIA PÚBLICA DO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO NA VIABILIZAÇÃO DE DIREITO ÀS PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA
This work aims to analyze the work carried out by the Public Defender's Office of the State of Maranhão (DPE/MA) in providing services to people with disabilities, through the Integrated Support Center for People with Disabilities (an integral part of the Defender's Office). Bibliographic and documentary research methodology is used, based on records from the 2023 annual report on services provided by the CIAPD. Initially, a general configuration of the DPE/MA and the right of access to justice is made, as well as through the quantity of services at the CIAPD, its relevance in guaranteeing people with disabilities access to justice is demonstrated. Keywords: Access to justice; Disabled people; Integrated Support Center for People with Disabilities; Public Defender's Office of the State of Maranhão.
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THE AMNESTY OF POLITICAL PARTIES AS AN OBSTACLE TO FLEXIBLE AND PLURAL LAW IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC POLICIES FOR WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS
The Constitutional Amendment No. 133 of 2024 reflects a legislative history of exempting political parties from complying with public policies aimed at promoting minority candidacies. This article analyzes the state's resistance in enforcing laws that encourage representation, with a focus on women's participation. Although legislation has advanced, such as the inclusion of gender quotas, its effectiveness is undermined by amendments that exempt parties from responsibilities for failing to meet these obligations. The Superior Electoral Court has been a significant actor in promoting these policies but faces barriers resulting from amendments that hinder the practical implementation of the measures. The study reflects on the crisis of representation and the need for an effective constitutional culture that goes beyond the formality of laws and incorporates democratic values of inclusion. The true effectiveness of public policies depends on the commitment of the state and political parties to promoting a more plural and inclusive representative democracy.
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AS PERSPECTIVAS E DESAFIOS DO PLURALISMO JURÍDICO NA AMÉRICA LATINA
O pluralismo jurídico na América Latina possui uma roupagem diferente e que necessita ser estudada de maneira independente das correntes europeias. Por outro lado, atual momento da sociedade demonstra desafios que precisam considerar de maneira ampla o indivíduo dentro de contextos sociais variados: movimentos sociais, periferia, indígenas, etc.
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2017 foi um ano de grande mudança no Direito do Trabalho como um todo. A Lei 13.467/17 – Reforma trabalhista – cambiou o cenário da Justiça do Trabalho através de alterações dos artigos da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), desde a redução do intervalo intrajornada até a possibilidade de pagamento de custas e honorários de sucumbência pelas partes. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar, por meio da Jurimetria, a quantidade de demandas trabalhistas protocoladas entre os anos de 2012 e 2019 e se houve redução no número de ações após a reforma, bem como a causa da possível redução. Ressalta este artigo a relevância da aplicação da Jurimetria por conta da sua concretude e da exatidão trazidas pelas estatísticas realizadas pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST) no período acima apontado. Este artigo analisa o desenvolvimento histórico da conquista e da implementação do Direito do Trabalho no Brasil e suas mudanças no decorrer dos anos até 2017, o método jurimétrico em si e os números divulgados pelo TST.
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ROBERT MICHELS, MAURICE DUVERGER E ANGELO PANEBIANCO:
Este trabalho analisa as elites partidárias a partir das obras de Robert Michels, Maurice Duverger e Angelo Panebianco. O texto que ora se apresenta não trata da discussão sobre o conceito de elites que se tem tradicionalmente na Sociologia ou Ciência Política. Embora haja derivação deste acúmulo intelectual, o conceito a ser discutido nesta proposta é apenas no âmbito do sistema político-partidário. Dentro do imenso debate sobre os partidos políticos, o tema das classes dirigentes se constitui como um objeto extremamente relevante. Dessa forma, investiga-se como esses estudiosos tratam do fenômeno das elites dirigentes, bem como procura-se estabelecer as considerações de cada um sobre as possibilidades da democracia no interior dos partidos políticos. Por fim, apontaremos os pontos em comum e as possíveis diferenças entre as abordagens.
Economia de dados e erosão dos fatos na política democrática
The present reflection deals with the importance of facts for democracy and for the formation of political thought. For that, it considers the business model that sustains the internet and digital platforms nowadays, which opposes in a structural way democratic politics and factual reality. As a theoretical framework, the text is mostly anchored in the thought of Hannah Arendt, but also in some contributions from canonical authors such as Machiavelli and Weber on the relevance of facts to politics. Furthermore, the text analyzes the business model of surveillance capitalism, structured around the personal data economy, pointing out the risks that this model represents for democratic politics, especially during election campaigns. The research method is hypothetical-deductive. Finally, bibliographical research is adopted as procedures.
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The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has deeply transformed communication dynamics and electoral processes, with particular concern regarding the risks posed by deepfakes. While this audiovisual manipulation technique can be used for legitimate purposes, it also carries a high potential to undermine electoral integrity, social trust, and individual reputation. This article examines the intersection between artificial intelligence and democracy, focusing on Brazilian Electoral Court Resolution No. 23.732/2024 and a landmark decision of the Regional Electoral Court of Maranhão (TRE-MA), which addressed the dissemination of a satirical AI-generated video in Icatu-MA. The research combines normative and case law analysis, seeking to understand how Electoral Justice has balanced the prohibition of deepfakes with the protection of freedom of expression in political contexts. The study concludes that Resolution No. 23.732/2024 establishes a significant regulatory framework by imposing strict restrictions and mandatory transparency in the use of synthetic content, while case law reaffirms the need to distinguish harmful technological manipulations from legitimate political criticism, including satire. The findings highlight that the central challenge of contemporary electoral law lies in reconciling technological innovation, democratic integrity, and fundamental rights, requiring continuous regulatory updates and increasingly refined jurisprudential standards in the face of the growing sophistication of AI technologies.
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ELECTORAL JUSTICE AND AUTOMATED DISINFORMATION
This article examines the increasing use of automated disinformation tools, with particular focus on deepfakes technologies, within the Brazilian Electoral Justice framework. The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence has intensified audiovisual manipulation and the spread of fake news, significantly affecting the integrity of democratic processes, especially during electoral periods. The study employs a descriptive and exploratory methodology, based on legal doctrine, analysis of the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) regulations, and technical studies in digital governance. Findings suggest that although initiatives such as the Program to Combat Disinformation and partnerships with digital platforms exist, substantial challenges persist regarding the detection of synthetic content, accountability of automated agents, and protection of free expression. It is concluded that the Electoral Justice must strengthen regulatory mechanisms, transparency strategies, and media literacy initiatives, implementing preventive and investigative measures capable of mitigating deepfakes’ impacts and ensuring electoral security in an increasingly complex digital environment.
Josanne Cristina Ribeiro Ferreira Façanha
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS IN ELECTORAL ADVERTISING
This research analyzes the constitutional limits of freedom of expression in electoral propaganda considering the rise of disinformation and abusive practices observed in the 2024 elections. It starts from the understanding that, while essential to democracy, freedom of expression must respect legal parameters that guarantee equality among candidates and the protection of the voter's will. The study aims to examine the legal framework of electoral propaganda, evaluate the effects of disinformation and negative propaganda, and analyze the actions of the Regional Electoral Court of Maranhão (TREMA) in cases that occurred in the 2024 election. It uses a qualitative methodology, based on bibliographic and documentary research. The results show that the Electoral Court has sought to balance free expression with the need to contain false content, deepfakes, and attacks on honor, adopting measures to protect the voter and the democratic process. It concludes that constitutional limits to freedom of expression are essential to ensure more honest elections and a more transparent democratic environment.
This research emphasizes the possible connections between the LGBTI+ community and electoral politics. The analysis of four candidacies for councilor in the 2024 elections, in the city of Fortaleza, in the State of Ceará, is taken as a reference. It follows that the problem considered by the research is aimed at revealing how engagement is going and what possible intolerances and prejudices are intricate within the reality of the electoral campaign of people identified as belonging to sexual and gender diversity. The main objective is to try to understand a little more about how the process of bringing together the electoral campaign and the LGBTI+ community takes place, focusing on the election for City Council. The aim is also to verify the campaign agendas of the people observed and consider the existence of proposals for the benefit of the group to which they belong and society in general.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTIONS IN BRAZIL
The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has directly impacted the Brazilian electoral landscape, increasing both campaign efficiency and risks to democracy. This study aimed to analyze how the scientific literature addresses the relationship between AI and Brazilian elections. To this end, a descriptive study was conducted using a bibliometric approach and qualitative analysis, with search and retrieval carried out on the Dimensions platform. The results show that the literature is organized into three main dimensions: technological-electoral (AI and the electoral process), democratic-informational (democracy and disinformation), and legal-regulatory (electoral advertising and regulation). The literature highlights the dual nature of AI: while it optimizes campaigns, it also enables practices such as bots, deepfakes, and microtargeting of fake news. Although the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) has adopted regulatory measures, evidentiary challenges and normative conflicts persist. It is concluded that democratic preservation depends on the articulation between technological innovation, effective regulation, and media literacy.
A Escola Judiciária Eleitoral Cearense – EJEC do Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará (TRE-CE) lança o Volume 15, número 27 da Revista Suffragium. É a segunda publicação da Revista após conquistar o Qualis B1 para as áreas de Direito e Ciência Política, resultado da avaliação quadrienal (2021-2025) apresentada pela CAPES, no início de Janeiro de 2026.
DESEMBARGADOR ANTONIO EDILBERTOOLIVEIRA LIMA
A Escola Judiciária Eleitoral Cearense – EJEC do Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará (TRE-CE) lança o Volume 15, número 26 da Revista Suffragium. É a primeira publicação da Revista após conquistar o Qualis B1 para as áreas de Direito e Ciência Política, resultado da avaliação quadrienal (2021-2025) apresentada pela CAPES, no início de Janeiro de 2026.
Desembargador Eleitoral ANTÔNIO EDILBERTO OLIVEIRA LIMA
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APPLICATION OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ODR) IN THE ELECTORAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
This study examines the potential application of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) as a tool for modernizing the Brazilian Public Administration, given the advancement of digital technologies and the growing volume of conflicts arising from political interactions in virtual environments. Considering that democratic legitimacy depends on swift, secure, and accessible mechanisms for handling electoral disputes, the research seeks to understand how CNJ Resolution Nº. 358/2020, which establishes the National Judicial Policy for the appropriate treatment of conflicts through technological means, can inspire innovative practices in the administrative sphere, respecting its constitutional autonomy, hybrid structure, and procedural peculiarities. The methodological approach is qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory, based on a literature review and documentary analysis of regulations, doctrine, and international experiences of ODR. Initially, the conceptual and normative foundations of ODR are presented, as well as the principles that guide its operation, such as efficiency, access to justice, data protection, and legal certainty. Next, the structure and contemporary challenges of the Electoral Justice system are analyzed, especially in light of the intensification of demands related to digital propaganda, disinformation, intra-party conflicts, and administrative issues. Finally, the feasibility of implementing ODR models for the adequate handling of these disputes is discussed, evaluating benefits, risks, limitations, and guidelines for its progressive adoption. It is concluded that, despite challenges such as digital exclusion, the need for institutional capacity building, and information security safeguards, ODR has the potential to contribute significantly to the efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of the Electoral Justice system, establishing itself as a strategic vector of democratic innovation.
INOVAÇÃO COLABORATIVA EM GESTÃO DE PESSOAS: RELATO DE UM HACKATHON ENTRE TRIBUNAL REGIONAL ELEITORAL E UNIVERSIDADE
ABSTRACT: This study addresses the research question: How can an open innovation competition — in the Hackathon format — contribute to the co-creation of technological solutions that promote administrative efficiency and align with the guidelines of CNJ Resolution No. 615/2025? From this inquiry, the research examines the experience of the first innovation marathon jointly organized by a Regional Electoral Court [anonymized] and a Federal University [anonymized]. The initiative represents a collaborative and open technological modernization model focused on developing transformative solutions to improve administrative routines within the Court’s Human Resources Secretariat. Originating from a technical cooperation agreement between the institutions, the Hackathon involved undergraduate students from various disciplines in proposing tools to address challenges related to workflow modeling, automation of routines, and data structuring. The study aims to demonstrate that collaboration between academia and the public sector can enhance service efficiency while adhering to the guidelines for innovation and the responsible use of artificial intelligence in the Judiciary. The methodology adopted is a case study, based on a descriptive and systematic approach that integrates theory and practice, combining theoretical frameworks and legislation governing the use of digital technologies — particularly artificial intelligence — within the Judiciary. The findings indicate that universities play a key strategic role in promoting the development and implementation of best administrative practices in support of a more managerial and innovative public administration. KEYWORDS: Hackathon; Open Innovation; People Management; Electoral Justice; Artificial Intelligence.
O Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará (TRE-CE), através do Núcleo de Pesquisa e Estudos Eleitorais Avançados (NEP), unidade integrante da Escola Judiciária Eleitoral Cearense (EJEC), lança o Volume 14, Número 25 da Revista Suffragium, publicação científica dedicada ao debate contemporâneo sobre Direito Eleitoral e Ciência Política.
“KEEPING AN EYE ON ELECTION SECURITY”: A CASE STUDY ON PLAIN LANGUAGE, TRANSPARENCY, DESIGN, AND ELECTORAL TRUST
This article presents a case study on the use of Plain Language, information design, and collaborative strategies to strengthen transparency and trust in the Brazilian electoral process. The intervention analyzed consisted of producing and distributing posters and leaflets, developed during the 2024 municipal elections, aimed at explaining the security stages of electronic voting in an accessible manner. The chosen methodology was a case study with a mixed-methods approach (quantitative, qualitative, and comparative), including a reaction survey with 121 participants and AI-assisted analysis. Results showed increased perceived clarity (70.2%), recognition of accessible language (78.5%), and a rise in trust in the voting system’s security (81.8%). There was also growth in self-reported ability to explain electoral oversight mechanisms. The comparison with official materials revealed greater readability, organization, and user-centered communication in Plain Language content, without compromising technical rigor. The study concludes that democratizing technical language strengthens democratic legitimacy, providing evidence for public policies against disinformation and replicable models of institutional communication. KEYWORDS: Plain Language. Information Design. Electoral Justice. Transparency. Disinformation.
AN ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS ON GENDER QUOTA FRAUD IN THE CASES OF TACAIMBÓ/PE AND LAJEDO/PE
The present study analyzes gender quota fraud in proportional elections in the municipalities of Tacaimbó and Lajedo, in Pernambuco, Brazil. The study investigates the ways in which female participation is manipulated to formally comply with quotas without ensuring effective representation. The theoretical framework is grounded in the analysis of judicial decisions and the provisions of Article 10, §3 of Law 9.504/97. The research problem is formulated as follows: “To what extent do the cases of Tacaimbó and Lajedo demonstrate a jurisprudence of addressing gender quota fraud?” The general objective is to examine the relevance of judicial decisions in curbing fraud and consolidating the gender quota as an effective mechanism of political inclusion. The specific objectives are: (1) to identify the motivations that led to the annulment of candidacies due to gender quota fraud; (2) to understand the legal decisions addressing gender quota fraud; and (3) to discuss these decisions in conjunction with TSE Resolution 23.735/24 as a mechanism for democratic protection. This study is an applied research project with a descriptive and bibliographic character, adopting a qualitative approach. It employs a comparative content analysis to enable a deeper understanding of the research topic. Data collection was conducted through the analysis of documents, laws, resolutions issued by the Superior Electoral Court (TSE), judicial decisions from the Regional Electoral Court of Pernambuco (TRE/PE) and the TSE, as well as relevant books and updated articles. The chosen method for data analysis and interpretation is content analysis. The analysis of the judicial decisions reveals two primary findings in the fields of politics and law: (1) a negative aspect, highlighting that despite normative frameworks promoting women’s political participation, fraud persists through various means; and (2) a positive aspect, indicating that judicial decisions serve as a reaffirmation of women’s political participation and as an expression of political resistance.
O Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Ceará (TRE-CE), por intermédio do Núcleo de Pesquisa e Estudos Eleitorais Avançados (NEP), vinculado à Escola Judiciária Eleitoral Cearense (EJEC), apresenta o Volume 14, Número 24 da Revista Suffragium. Criada em 2005, a publicação evoluiu de boletim informativo para revista com registro ISSN, em formatos impresso e digital. Reformulada pela Resolução TRE CE nº 660/2017, consolidou-se como um periódico científico especializado em Direito Eleitoral e em Ciência Política, alcançando reconhecimento nacional e internacional. Desde 2019, a gestão editorial da Suffragium passou a ser realizada exclusivamente na plataforma eletrônica Open Journal Systems (OJS).
CAMPANHAS ELEITORAIS SUSTENTÁVEIS: O PAPEL DA INOVAÇÃO NO CUMPRIMENTO DOS OBJETIVOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL
ABSTRACT – The change from in-person rallies to printed materials for digital networks reduces the impacts on the natural and urban environment, reducing noise pollution and waste production, and also makes it possible to increase social inclusion and transparency during the electoral campaign. However, this digitalization process presents other challenges, namely: the possible increase in misinformation and computer exclusion, requiring the creation of effective and inclusive regulations. In addition, it is important to think of joint paths to promote sustainable campaigns, in a dialogue between institutions, parties, candidates and citizens. The methodology used was bibliographic research, based on scientific materials, which already carefully explore the subject. This work aims to analyze how technological innovation can influence the organization of the electoral process, specifically, the change in the way of conducting electoral campaigns, whose purpose should be the adoption of innovation in conjunction with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), so that the various types of environment, including the digital environment, are respected. The results indicate that a more sustainable electoral campaign benefits everyone in general. It is concluded that the exercise of electoral propaganda, in the forms permitted by law, constitutes a clear and certain right of the candidate and also a diffuse right of society, which must remain informed in order to make the right choices. Keywords: Electoral campaigns. Innovation. Resolution. Sustainability.
AJUSTAMENTO DE CONDUTA E JUSTIÇA ELEITORAL MULTIPORTAS: LIMITES E POSSIBILIDADES DE AUTOCOMPOSIÇÃO NO PROCESSO ELEITORAL
This article proposes an analysis of the possibilities of self-composition in the electoral process, based on reflections on improving the promotion of multi-door electoral justice, in light of art. 3, §§ 2 and 3, of the Code of Civil Procedure - Law No. 13.105/2015 and Resolution No. 125/2010, of the National Council of Justice, in the guise of art. 105-A, of Law No. 9.504/97. Based on a bibliographic review and a deductive approach to the topic of the adoption of self-composition techniques within the Electoral Justice, this study discusses the possibilities of concluding agreements in electoral matters, analyzing the adoption of self-composition techniques in specific themes, such as electoral propaganda in public spaces, electoral propaganda on the internet, radio and television, and in electoral actions that result in the declaration of ineligibility and revocation of registration or mandate. It is believed that this research could contribute to improving the use of self-composition methods in the Electoral Court, considering recent studies that support their effectiveness in resolving disputes, benefiting all stakeholders in the electoral process. The conclusion is that the discussion on the limits of self-composition in electoral matters is beneficial to ensure that the pursuit of greater cooperation and efficiency in the Electoral Court is based on adherence to democratic principles and the public interest.
ON THE USE OF DATA IN FAVOR OF POLITICAL INCLUSION: GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN PARTY LEADERSHIP
This article investigates the absence of data regarding gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation of individuals who comprise party leadership. The objective is to highlight the gaps found in the information provided by the Electoral Court and propose improvements to the Electoral Court system, to be implemented by political parties. This research is innovative in that it presents the flaws and suggests improvements to reduce inequality in the participation of politically marginalized groups, with a focus on the transgender population. Theories from gender studies and open data from the Electoral Court, collected from the TSE website, were used, as found on the Election Statistics page and in the subgroups of Candidacy Statistics, Profile, and Candidacy Status. Cross-referencing was done based on territorial coverage, gender, and gender identity. The results point to the need for connection between the systems managed by the Electoral Court based on information provided by political parties and the electorate in voter registration campaigns. Finally, we present suggestions for improvement in specific Electoral Court systems.
FAKE NEWS E PROPAGANDA ELEITORAL NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022
The use of social media for political propaganda since the 2016 US elections has increased the reach of fake news, making the delivery of this harmful content more widespread and personalized. In Brazil, the 2018 election was a turning point and led the Electoral Court to attempt to mitigate the damage caused by the circulation of defamatory and untrue content, especially on the internet. Among the various regulatory provisions, Resolution No. 23,610/2019 stands out, which regulates the forms in which electoral propaganda should occur, in addition to establishing the prohibited conduct for the 2022 election. Thus, this paper sought to understand what the Superior Electoral Court understands as fake news, and what means were used by the Electoral Court to curb the dissemination of false news. To this end, the rulings that addressed the topic in the year since the beginning of electoral propaganda in 2022 were analyzed. The methodology used in the work is qualitative and quantitative, with an analysis of the TSE's case law and a bibliographic review. Positions were identified requiring the removal of content whenever the electoral propaganda attributed crimes to the opposing candidate, or when their speeches were taken out of context, in addition to situations of narratives and speeches forged by artificial intelligence to try to deceive the citizen-recipient. Critical electoral propaganda and the broadcasting of old speeches by the candidate were also not prohibited by the Superior Electoral Court. The application of fines to disseminators of fake news varied according to the severity, period and duration in which they were broadcast. Therefore, the Court's conduct was to intervene only in situations of clearly false and/or misleading content, always determining short deadlines for the removal of the illicit content.
APERFEIÇOANDO A COMUNICAÇÃO ENTRE A JUSTIÇA ELEITORAL E OS ENTES PARTIDÁRIOS MUNICIPAIS: O USO DA COOPERAÇÃO JUDICIÁRIA NACIONAL PARA SOLUÇÃO DE PROBLEMAS NA SEARA ELEITORAL
Procedural communication between the Electoral Justice and municipal party branches faces significant obstacles, mainly due to recurrent outdated data in the Party Information Management System (SGIP) and the lack of standardized tools for summons and notifications. These shortcomings compromise the reasonable duration and efficiency of annual accountability processes, undermining transparency and electoral legitimacy. This study investigates whether National Judicial Cooperation can provide effective solutions to these problems without legislative amendments. The research adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on bibliographic review (CPC/2015, Law No. 11,419/2006, CNJ Resolution No. 350/2020 and TSE Resolution No. 23,604/2019) and the analysis of institutional experiences. The monographic method, combined with an inductive perspective, enabled the identification of practices applicable to the electoral context. The objectives were: (i) to understand the obstacles in communication with municipal party branches; (ii) to analyze the potential of Judicial Cooperation as an integrative and efficient instrument; and (iii) to propose protocols and technological solutions to integrate party systems into the Electronic Judicial Process (PJe), ensuring greater speed and legal certainty. The results indicate that National Judicial Cooperation, supported by existing legal instruments, is a feasible path to centralize procedural communication, reduce delays and guarantee effectiveness and transparency. However, institutional, technological, and cultural barriers must be overcome. The study suggests pilot projects in Regional Electoral Courts to empirically assess the impact of the proposed measures and contribute to strengthening Brazil’s democratic system.
RACISM AND ALGORITHMS IN THE 2024 ELECTIONS: THE CHALLENGE FACED BY BLACK AND BROWN CANDIDATES ON SOCIAL MEDIA
This article examines the risks posed by algorithmic racism to the political sphere, with particular emphasis on its impact on the candidacies of Black and Brown individuals in the 2024 Brazilian municipal elections. The increasing influence of algorithms has led social media and digital platform users to accept algorithmically curated content as unquestionable truths, despite the presence of systemic biases. Within this context, manifestations of racism have intensified, as reflected in data from Safernet, which reported a significant rise in complaints of racist incidents on Brazilian social media in 2023. This study aims to analyze the electoral campaigns of mayoral candidates in the cities of São Luís (MA), Belo Horizonte (MG), and Fortaleza (CE) through the lens of Instagram, investigating potential factors behind the disparities observed between white and Black candidates. The findings highlight how the algorithm-driven dynamics of digital media can foster underrepresentation and create additional barriers for marginalized groups in the political process. By advancing these discussions, this research seeks to contribute to the development of strategies and policy interventions capable of mitigating algorithmic distortions that exacerbate polarization and disproportionately affect democratic participation in Brazil.
Deborah Cavalcante de Oliveira Salomão Guarines
COOPERAÇÃO ENTRE INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR E OS TRIBUNAIS REGIONAIS ELEITORAIS:
RESUMO: Este estudo tem por objeto a cooperação entre Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e Tribunais Regionais Eleitorais (TREs) como instrumento de efetivação da sustentabilidade multidimensional no âmbito da Justiça Eleitoral brasileira. A problemática reside nos múltiplos desafios enfrentados no âmbito eleitoral nas dimensões social, ética, jurídico-política, econômica e ambiental — conforme delineado por Juarez Freitas (2019) —, os quais comprometem o paradigma constitucional da sustentabilidade e fragilizam a efetividade da cidadania e da democracia. Objetiva-se analisar de que forma a cooperação entre Instituições de Ensino Superior e os Tribunais Regionais Eleitorais pode utilizar a educação jurídica como instrumento para a efetivação da sustentabilidade multidimensional no âmbito da Justiça Eleitoral. A metodologia adotada baseia-se na abordagem qualitativa, com natureza aplicada e caráter explicativo, utilizando-se da revisão bibliográfica, com apoio da ferramenta de inteligência artificial ChatGPT-4. Constatou-se que a formação jurídica crítica, a produção científica voltada à resolução de problemas reais e o desenvolvimento de ações por meio de ensino, pesquisa e extensão integradas às demandas da Justiça Eleitoral configuram estratégias viáveis e eficazes para a superação dos comprometimentos identificados. Assim, conclui-se que a articulação entre universidades e Justiça Eleitoral contribui significativamente para o fortalecimento da cidadania e da democracia e a promoção da sustentabilidade em suas multidimensões.
A DESINFORMAÇÃO E OS DESAFIOS PARA A DEMOCRACIA:
O artigo analisa o impacto da desinformação nas eleições municipais de 2024 no contexto nacional e regional, especialmente em decorrência da ausência de legislação específica sobre o tema — notadamente a não aprovação do Projeto de Lei nº 2.630/2020, conhecido como PL das Fake News. Com base em dados do TSE, identificou-se que o Nordeste concentrou o maior número de processos envolvendo divulgação de notícias falsas, com destaque para a Bahia e Ceará. Esse cenário revela uma interferência dessa prática na democracia brasileira, evidenciando a necessidade de medidas que preservem a integridade eleitoral e fortaleçam a confiança nas instituições. Nesse sentido, o artigo apresenta conceitos relevantes para o combate à desinformação, além das estratégias defensivas adotadas pelo TSE, como a democracia defensiva ou de resistência. Em complemento, realiza um estudo comparado com a União Europeia, especialmente França e Alemanha, ressaltando práticas regulatórias inspiradoras de um constitucionalismo digital no Brasil. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa baseou-se em levantamento documental e análise quali-quantitativa, com base em dados do TSE e exame da ausência de aprovação do PL nº 2.630/2020. Além disso, foram investigadas resoluções expedidas pelo TSE e realizadas comparações com experiências internacionais com o intuito de oferecer reflexões críticas sobre os impactos da lacuna normativa e caminhos para o fortalecimento democrático. Conclui-se, então, pela urgência de uma legislação específica e forte sobre o tema, do fortalecimento da cooperação entre os poderes e da implementação de políticas públicas de educação midiática como meio de mitigar os efeitos nocivos da desinformação na democracia brasileira.
THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL CONVICTION: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING ELECTORAL OPINION
This study explores the transformative role of technology in electoral behavior, highlighting that digital platforms go beyond serving as mere communication channels, becoming true arenas of political influence. The literature review indicates that the political use of the virtual environment has a significant impact on the electoral process, shaping voters' perceptions and behavior in decision-making. The profound influence of technology on the formation of citizens' political convictions suggests a reconfiguration of the electorate's profile in the face of the challenges of citizenship in the digital age, a topic that this article seeks to critically and reflectively analyze.
RIGHT TO TRANSPORTATION OF VOTERS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
This paper aims to analyze the legal treatment given to the transportation of voters on election day. The matter is presented from the perspective that the duty-right to vote is a constitutional burden assigned to the citizen and the exercise of a right inserted, above all, in the first na in the fourth dimension of fundamental rights. This paper employs a bibliographic and documental methodology, including analysis of scientific articles, books, normative acts and judicial decisions. In relation to transport in urban areas, a documentary analysis is carried out based on the conclusion given by the Federal Supreme Court (Brazil) in ADPF nº 1013. For transport in rural areas, the way to operationalize the governing law is debated based on the exploration of proposals aimed at implementing and improving the exercise of duty - the right to vote. Thus, in order to consider the material imbalances between citizens, especially related to locomotion and means of transport, as well as the unintentional aggravation created by the constitutional duty to vote, based on the theory of disproportionate impact, it is concluded that affirmative actions must be created on this theme.